Grammar

This article defines finite and non-finite verbs, explains how finite verbs indicate tense and agreement, and describes types and functions of non-finite forms like infinitives, gerunds, and participles.

The article explains why facts and general truths use the present tense, how to distinguish facts from opinions, and when context affects tense choice. It also covers scientific statements and frequent mistakes learners make with tenses.

The article compares reported speech and reported thought, highlights common verbs used for reported thought, explains grammar and tense patterns, discusses stylistic differences, and clarifies common areas where learners get confused.

Here we how short answers and ellipsis work in reported speech, restoring omitted information, reporting yes or no answers, and understanding context dependency. It also explains differences in formality and highlights common learner mistakes.

This article explains how exclamations in direct speech are reported indirectly. It covers removing exclamatory structures, verbs for reporting exclamations, maintaining emotion and emphasis, tone changes, and common learner mistakes.

The article defines embedded questions, explains their word order, and shows how they differ from direct questions. It also details how to report yes/no and wh-embedded questions and points out common structural mistakes.

Here we key features of reported speech in conversation, including common reporting verbs, simplification in informal contexts, and optional tense changes. It also addresses natural speech rhythm, omissions, and frequent spoken usage mistakes.

The article defines the object-infinitive structure, names verbs that use it, explains where to place pronouns, and shows how meaning or emphasis may shift. It also covers negative and passive forms, plus common mistakes learners make.

This article explains how to report positive and negative commands, how to use tell and ask, and how to change pronouns and references. It also points out common mistakes learners make when reporting imperatives.

Here we how gerunds are used in reported speech, details which reporting verbs require gerunds, and explains the meanings these patterns convey. It also contrasts gerunds with infinitives, discusses formality, and points out common learner errors.